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1 Delaware and Hudson Canal
Канал между поселком Хонздейл [ Honesdale], шт. Пенсильвания, и г. Кингстон [ Kingston]. Длина 172 км. Построен в 1825-29 с целью связать пенсильванские месторождения антрацита с долиной р. Хадсон [ Hudson River] и г. Нью-Йорком. Действовал с прибылью для владельцев до 1899, когда из-за возросшей конкуренции с железными дорогами канал был заброшен, а компания занялась железнодорожными перевозками. Ироничен тот факт, что в 1829 для обслуживания канала из Англии был привезен первый в США паровоз (эта дата считается началом развития железнодорожного транспорта страны).см тж Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational RiverEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Delaware and Hudson Canal
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2 Delaware River
Река, впадающая в Атлантический океан. Длина 660 км. Площадь бассейна 31,1 тыс. кв. км. Берет начало в горах Катскилл [ Catskill Mountains]. Пересекает плато Пидмонт [ Piedmont Plateau], Приатлантическую низменность [Coastal Plain] (образуя границу между штатами Нью-Йорк и Пенсильвания), а затем поворачивает на юг по Делавэрскому ущелью [Delaware Water Gap] и впадает в залив Делавэр [ Delaware Bay]. Судоходна до г. Трентон. На реке гг. Филадельфия, Камден. Водохранилища на притоках реки - один из источников водоснабжения г. Нью-Йорка [Delaware Aqueduct]. На западе соединена с Чесапикским заливом [ Chesapeake Bay] каналом Чесапик-Делавэр [ Chesapeake and Delaware Canal]. Река была впервые исследована Г. Хадсоном [ Hudson, Henry] в 1609. С 1978 имеет статус национального ландшафтного заповедника [ national scenic river (riverway)]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Delaware River
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3 Kingston
1) Город на юго-востоке штата Нью-Йорк на западном берегу р. Хадсон [ Hudson River], в устье р. Рондаут-Крик [Rondout Creek], в крупном районе садоводства (фрукты). 23,4 тыс. жителей (2000). Поселение основано в 1652, статус города с 1812. Текстильная, пищевая промышленность. Центр популярной зоны отдыха в горах Катскилл [ Catskill Mountains]. Среди достопримечательностей: здание Сената [Senate House, the] (около 1676) - место заседания первой легислатуры штата Нью-Йорк в 1777, музей. Центр города застроен домами в колониальном стиле [ colonial house]. В XIX в. был восточным терминалом канала Делавэр-Хадсон [Delaware and Hudson Canal]2) Город на северо-востоке штата Пенсильвания на р. Саскуэханна [ Susquehanna River]. 13,8 тыс. жителей (2000). Основан в 1769. В прошлом - центр добычи антрацита. Металлообработка. Производство синтетического волокна -
4 Honesdale
Поселок [ borough] на северо-востоке штата Пенсильвания, в 40 км к северо-востоку от г. Скрантона. 3,8 тыс. жителей (2000). Административный центр [ county seat] округа Уэйн [Wayne County]. Обувная, трикотажная промышленность. В южном пригороде - аэропорт Черри-Ридж [Cherry Ridge Airport]. Основан в 1803. В XIX в. западный терминал канала Делавэр-Хадсон [ Delaware and Hudson Canal]. Назван в честь Ф. Хона [Hone, Philip], руководителя компании, строившей канал. В 1829 здесь состоялось первое в США испытание паровоза - "Стурбриджского льва" [Stourbridge Lion] привезли из Англии, чтобы использовать для транспортировки угля, но он оказался слишком тяжелым для уже проложенных рельсов; тем не менее, городок получил прозвище "Место рождения американской железной дороги" ["The Birthplace of the American Railroad"]. Среди достопримечательностей - главная улица [ Main Street], музей местного исторического общества [Wayne County Historical Society Museum]. Пользуются популярностью экскурсии по Стурбриджской железнодорожной ветке [Stourbridge Line Rail Excursion]. -
5 Stevens, John
[br]b. 1749 New York, New York, USAd. 6 March 1838 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA[br]American pioneer of steamboats and railways.[br]Stevens, a wealthy landowner with an estate at Hoboken on the Hudson River, had his attention drawn to the steamboat of John Fitch in 1786, and thenceforth devoted much of his time and fortune to developing steamboats and mechanical transport. He also had political influence and it was at his instance that Congress in 1790 passed an Act establishing the first patent laws in the USA. The following year Stevens was one of the first recipients of a US patent. This referred to multi-tubular boilers, of both watertube and firetube types, and antedated by many years the work of both Henry Booth and Marc Seguin on the latter.A steamboat built in 1798 by John Stevens, Nicholas J.Roosevelt and Stevens's brother-in-law, Robert R.Livingston, in association was unsuccessful, nor was Stevens satisfied with a boat built in 1802 in which a simple rotary steam-en-gine was mounted on the same shaft as a screw propeller. However, although others had experimented earlier with screw propellers, when John Stevens had the Little Juliana built in 1804 he produced the first practical screw steamboat. Steam at 50 psi (3.5 kg/cm2) pressure was supplied by a watertube boiler to a single-cylinder engine which drove two contra-rotating shafts, upon each of which was mounted a screw propeller. This little boat, less than 25 ft (7.6 m) long, was taken backwards and forwards across the Hudson River by two of Stevens's sons, one of whom, R.L. Stevens, was to help his father with many subsequent experiments. The boat, however, was ahead of its time, and steamships were to be driven by paddle wheels until the late 1830s.In 1807 John Stevens declined an invitation to join with Robert Fulton and Robert R.Living-ston in their development work, which culminated in successful operation of the PS Clermont that summer; in 1808, however, he launched his own paddle steamer, the Phoenix. But Fulton and Livingston had obtained an effective monopoly of steamer operation on the Hudson and, unable to reach agreement with them, Stevens sent Phoenix to Philadelphia to operate on the Delaware River. The intervening voyage over 150 miles (240 km) of open sea made Phoenix the first ocean-going steamer.From about 1810 John Stevens turned his attention to the possibilities of railways. He was at first considered a visionary, but in 1815, at his instance, the New Jersey Assembly created a company to build a railway between the Delaware and Raritan Rivers. It was the first railway charter granted in the USA, although the line it authorized remained unbuilt. To demonstrate the feasibility of the steam locomotive, Stevens built an experimental locomotive in 1825, at the age of 76. With flangeless wheels, guide rollers and rack-and-pinion drive, it ran on a circular track at his Hoboken home; it was the first steam locomotive to be built in America.[br]Bibliography1812, Documents Tending to Prove the Superior Advantages of Rail-ways and Steam-carriages over Canal Navigation.He took out patents relating to steam-engines in the USA in 1791, 1803, and 1810, and in England, through his son John Cox Stevens, in 1805.Further ReadingH.P.Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, Charles Griffin (provides technical details of Stevens's boats).J.T.Flexner, 1978, Steamboats Come True, Boston: Little, Brown (describes his work in relation to that of other steamboat pioneers).J.R.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1927) 7: 114 (discusses tubular boilers).J.R.Day and B.G.Wilson, 1957, Unusual Railways, F.Muller (discusses Stevens's locomotive).PJGR -
6 Jervis, John Bloomfield
[br]b. 14 December 1795 Huntingdon, New York, USAd. 12 January 1885 Rome, New York, USA[br]American pioneer of civil engineering and locomotive design.[br]Jervis assisted in the survey and construction of the Erie Canal, and by 1827 was Chief Engineer of the Delaware \& Hudson Canal and, linked with it, the Carbondale Railroad. He instructed Horatio Allen to go to England to purchase locomotives in 1828, and the locomotive Stourbridge Lion, built by J.U. Rastrick, was placed on the railway in 1829. It was the first full-size locomotive to run in America, but the track proved too weak for it to be used regularly. In 1830 Jervis became Chief Engineer to the Mohawk \& Hudson Rail Road, which was the first railway in New York State and was opened the following year. In 1832 the 4–2–0 locomotive Experiment was built to his plans by West Point Foundry: it was the first locomotive to have a leading bogie or truck. Jervis was subsequently associated with many other extensive canals and railways and pioneered economic analysis of engineering problems to enable, for example, the best choice to be made between two possible routes for a railroad.[br]Bibliography1861, Railway Property, New York.Further ReadingJ.H.White Jr, 1979, A History of the American Locomotive-Its Development: 1830–1880, New York: Dover Publications Inc.J.K.Finch, 1931, "John Bloomfield Jervis, civil engineer", Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 11.PJGRBiographical history of technology > Jervis, John Bloomfield
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7 Allen, Horatio
[br]b. 10 May 1802 Schenectady, New York, USAd. 1 January 1890 South Orange, New Jersey, USA[br]American engineer, pioneer of steam locomotives.[br]Allen was the Resident Engineer for construction of the Delaware \& Hudson Canal and in 1828 was instructed by J.B. Jervis to visit England to purchase locomotives for the canal's rail extension. He drove the locomotive Stourbridge Lion, built by J.U. Rastrick, on its first trial on 9 August 1829, but weak track prevented its regular use.Allen was present at the Rainhill Trials on the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in October 1829. So was E.L.Miller, one of the promoters of the South Carolina Canal \& Rail Road Company, to which Allen was appointed Chief Engineer that autumn. Allen was influential in introducing locomotives to this railway, and the West Point Foundry built a locomotive for it to his design; it was the first locomotive built in the USA for sale. This locomotive, which bore some resemblance to Novelty, built for Rainhill by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, was named Best Friend of Charleston. On Christmas Day 1830 it hauled the first scheduled steam train to run in America, carrying 141 passengers.In 1832 the West Point Foundry built four double-ended, articulated 2–2–0+0–2–2 locomotives to Horatio Allen's design for the South Carolina railroad. From each end of a central firebox extended two boiler barrels side by side with common smokeboxes and chimneys; wheels were mounted on swivelling sub-frames, one at each end, beneath these boilers. Allen's principal object was to produce a powerful locomotive with a light axle loading.Allen subsequently became a partner in Stillman, Allen \& Co. of New York, builders of marine engines, and in 1843 was President of the Erie Railroad.[br]Further ReadingJ.Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.Dictionary of American Biography.R.E.Carlson, 1969, The Liverpool \& Manchester Railway Project 1821–1831, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.J.H.White Jr, 1994, "Old debts and new visions", in Common Roots—Separate Branches, London: Science Museum, 79–82.PJGR
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